MOSCOW — President Putin’s party won a crushing victory in parliamentary elections yesterday, paving the way for the leader to remain in control even after he steps down as president.

The vote followed a tense Kremlin campaign that relied on a combination of persuasion and intimidation to ensure victory for the United Russia Party and for Mr. Putin, who has used a flood of oil revenues to move his country onto a more assertive position on the global stage.

“The vote affirmed the main idea: that Vladimir Putin is the national leader, that the people support his course, and this course will continue,” a party leader and Parliament speaker, Boris Gryzlov, said after exit polls were announced.

Several opposition leaders accused the Kremlin of rigging the vote, and the Bush administration called for a probe into voting irregularities. Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov called the election “the most irresponsible and dirty” in the post-Soviet era and party officials vowed to challenge the results.

With ballots from 72.5% of precincts counted, United Russia was leading with 63.1%, while the communists trailed with 11.7%, the Central Election Commission said.

Exit polls seemed to corroborate the partial results.

Mr. Putin is constitutionally prohibited from running for a third consecutive term, but he clearly wants to stay in power. A movement has sprung up in recent weeks to urge him to become a “national leader,” though what duties and powers that would entail are unclear.

Pollsters said United Russia’s performance would give it an overwhelming majority of 306 seats in the 450-seat State Duma, or lower house. The communists would have 57 seats.

Two other pro-Kremlin parties — the nationalist Liberal Democratic Party and populist Just Russia — also appeared to have made it into parliament, with 8.7% and 8%, respectively.

One Liberal Democratic Party deputy will be Andrei Lugovoi, a former KGB officer and chief suspect in the poisoning death of Kremlin critic Alexander Litvinenko in London last year. Russia has refused to hand Mr. Lugovoi over to Britain, and the Duma seat provides him with immunity from prosecution.

No other parties passed the 7% threshold for gaining seats in the legislature. Both opposition liberal parties were shut out, predicted to win no more than 2% or 3% of the vote each.

Many Russians complained yesterday about being pressured to cast their ballots, with teachers, doctors, and others saying they had been ordered by their bosses to vote at their workplaces.

“People are being forced and threatened to vote; otherwise, they won’t get their salaries or pensions,” the leader of the liberal Union of Right Forces Party, Boris Nemtsov, said.